for it to cool and collapse new stars. Removing fuel for stars The wind can drive gas out of the central region. With less cold gas available, star formation slows or even stops. Creating “red and dead” galaxies Galaxies without fresh star formation...

from their stars, including planets that orbit at distances more like Earth, Mars, or Jupiter do, and planets that might be cold, dim, or even free floating. Another gap is the need for large, uniform surveys that let scientists compare planetary...

interactions would represent a fundamental shift in our understanding of the dark sector. The standard ΛCDM model assumes cold, collisionless dark matter. Introducing interactions with neutrinos changes that picture, adding a new channel through which...

also one of the simplest. What happens to the samples already collected? For now, the answer is largely reassuring. Mars is cold and dry, conditions that help preserve geological material over long periods. The sealed tubes are designed to withstand...

interstadial, a time of abrupt warming near the end of the last Ice Age. In Siberia, this warming transformed cold, dry grasslands into wetter landscapes with expanding shrubs and forests. For animals like the woolly rhinoceros, which were highly...

shaped by extreme heat and ancient impacts. Daytime temperatures can rise above 700 kelvin, while nights turn sharply cold. For a long time, scientists thought Mercury’s story was mostly over. Its surface looked old, heavily cratered, and frozen in time...

Millimeter waves have wavelengths of just a few millimeters. For a long time, astronomers mainly used them to study cold material, such as dust clouds and molecular gas. They were also essential for mapping the faint glow left over from the Big Bang....

a depth of 5,506 meters. The site lies east of the Ogasawara Trench, off the coast of Japan. At this depth, the seafloor is cold, dark, and starved of organic material. The species belongs to a rare group of chitons that only live on sunken wood. It has...

told a different story. Their isotopic signatures did not fit the Strecker pattern. Instead, they suggested formation under colder conditions, possibly in icy environments far from the young Sun. These differences appeared even within the same...

range of roughly 43 to 53 thousand calibrated years. Taken together, Level 3 likely formed during MIS 4 or early MIS 3, a cold and dry period in the Late Pleistocene. That places the accumulation firmly within the time of Neanderthals. Repeated...

there as part of the museum’s collection, associated with a cemetery in the ancient port town. But then the trail went cold. The artifact had been listed as missing for decades. The War That Scattered History To understand how a Roman gravestone could...

program was driven by geopolitical competition, a race to demonstrate technological and ideological superiority during the Cold War. Its achievements were extraordinary, culminating in the first human steps on the Moon. But Apollo was relatively...

of History The Baltic Sea’s unique chemistry has allowed the ship to remain intact for centuries. Its brackish water, cold depths, and lack of oxygen make it an ideal environment for preserving shipwrecks. The ship uncovered by HMS Belos now joins a...

eastward. As the wave advances over weeks, it deepens the warm layer, lowers the thermocline, and curtails the upwelling of cold water that usually moderates temperatures along the Americas’ Pacific coasts. Repeated wave events over several months can...

under similar conditions. How Chuño Was Made and Transported Chuño is created by repeatedly exposing potatoes to bitter cold at night and then to intense sunlight during the day until nearly all moisture evaporates. The resulting lightweight product can...

Ice The ski pair, together with other winter gear, indicates that people regularly traversed high mountain routes during the cold months, a level of mobility that had previously been underestimated. These findings complement paleoclimatic research,...

pursued two parallel avenues. First, the team examined DNA from retired German radar operators who worked during the Cold War, a group with documented low‑dose radiation exposure. Second, they re‑analysed existing whole‑genome sequencing data from...

technology as a candidate for powering centimeter‑scale sensors in permanently shadowed lunar regions, where extreme cold and lack of sunlight render conventional batteries ineffective. Cabauy highlighted the distinct handling requirements, noting:...

climate‑driven changes in ocean dynamics. Phosphate typically reaches the surface through vertical mixing, a process whereby cold, dense water from depth rises and exchanges with the warmer upper layer, delivering nutrients that keep the methane pathway...

are the most frequently reported symptoms. You may also notice shortness of breath during routine activity, pale skin, cold hands and feet, dizziness, or persistent headaches. In iron deficiency specifically, brittle nails and unusual cravings for...