view of ancient Cyrene in 2021, with its main features visible. Credit: Libyan Studies To defend against turbulent waters, engineers likely constructed a rubble breakwater during the first century of their occupation. Archaeological surveys, including...

light penetrates only into the uppermost level of the oceans, so photosynthesis occurs in surface and near-surface waters. Marine primary productivity is high near coastlines and other areas where upwelling brings nutrients to the surface, promoting...

- TURBELLARIA CLASS II - TERMATODA CLASS III - CESTODA CLASS I: TURBELLARIA: Mostly free-living forms found in fresh or sea waters or on land. Body is unsegmented and is dorsoventrally flattened. Epidermis is cellular or syncytial. Intestine is either...

creature can result in excruciating pain, paralysis, and even heart failure in extreme cases. Found mainly in the waters of Australia, the Philippines, and Thailand, the box jellyfish’s venom targets the heart, nervous system, and skin cells, earning it...

location” became known as Null Island. Which country “owns” Null Island? No country owns Null Island, it’s in international waters. However, the United States’ NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) maintains a weather buoy there for...

Explore rabbit respiration: Discover how breathing & gas exchange work in rabbits. Uncover the mechanism behind efficient respiration. The respiration occurs in two phases namely 1. Inspiration and 2. Expiration. The oxygen is taken inside during...

Astronomers confirm the first atmosphere on a rocky exoplanet in the habitable zone, proving an Earth-sized world can retain air for billions of years. Astronomers have captured the first clear sign of an atmosphere around the rocky exoplanet LHS 1140...

Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in living organisms. It is generally considered a field of biology, but it intersects frequently with many of the life sciences and is strongly linked with the study of information...

Learn about platelets, their role in blood clotting, and methods to estimate platelet count, including manual techniques. Understand normal, high, and low platelet counts. Platelets, also referred to as thrombocytes, are essential components of the...

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) measures the rate of settling (sedimentation) of erythrocytes in anticoagulated whole blood. Anticoagulated blood is allowed to stand in a glass tube for 1 hour and the length of column of plasma above the red...

Thrombin time assesses the final step of coagulation i.e. conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin. Principle Thrombin is added to patient’s plasma and time required for clot formation is noted. Equipment Water bath at 37°C Test tubes (75 × 12...

A microscope is a laboratory instrument used to examine objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Read this article for tips on microscope lighting and focusing mechanism troubleshooting. “I can focus my slide under 10×, but not under...

There are many factors that contribute to accurate test results in the chemistry laboratory. These factors can be broken down into three areas: preanalytical, analytical and post analytical. Preanalytical variables account for 32-75% of laboratory...

To determine the organism's oxygen requirement. Objective: To determine the organism's oxygen requirement. Test Procedure Inoculate 5 ml of BHI broth with your unknown organism and incubate overnight. We have found that broth cultures provide much more...

In Shark 3 pair of internal ears are present. They are organs of equilibrium and hearing. The middle and external ears are absent. The internal ear is a complex structure. It is called the membranous labyrinth. In Shark 3 pair of internal ears are...

In 1809 Lamarck included Protozoans and Rotifers in Infusoria. In 1812 Dutrochet recognized the different organization of Rotifers. Only in 1838 Ehrenberg separated Rotifers from Protozoans. In 1818 Goldfuss gave the name Protozoa. Protozoa = First...

Elphidium is a marine form. It is found creeping on Seaweeds to a depth of 300 fathoms. Elphidium also called Polystomella is a "dimorphic rhizopod". It is a unicellular microscopic protozoan, and 1 mm in diameter It is pale yellow in color. Elphidium...

Protozoa is classified by many based on different characters of protozoa but the classification of Protozoa is complicated and difficult. The classification followed here is based on Hyman's classification. Protozoa is classified by many based on...

Taxonomic Position of Porifera Sponges were considered as plants because of their sedentary life for a long time. Ellis in 1765 placed them in Animal Kingdom. Linnaeus placed porifera in zoophyta. In 1836 Robert Grant coined the word "Porifera" and...

In 1887 Leuckart coined the name Coelenterata. This Coelenterata included sponges and Ctenophores. In 1888 Coelenterata is divided into 3 phyla. (1) Spongiaria, (2) Cnidaria, and (3) Ctenophora. Therefore, Cnidaria is the most suitable name for this...