Serum cholinesterase is a blood test that looks at levels of acetylcholinesterase and pseudocholinesterase that help the nervous system work properly. Cholinesterase testing has two main uses: It can be used to detect and diagnose organophosphate...

Since some species exhibit periodicity (i.e. circulation of microfilariae in increased numbers at certain times of the day), blood should be collected at the correct time to improve the chances of detection. Since some species exhibit periodicity (i.e....

When the recipient’s ABO and Rh blood groups are determined, the donor blood unit that is ABO and Rh compatible is selected, and compatibility test is carried out. The purpose of compatibility test is to prevent the transfusion of incompatible red...

Explore the cooperative roles of cell organelles in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Discover their structure, functions, and significance in plant biochemistry to enhance your understanding of cellular mechanisms. Cell organelles are specialized structures...

Learn about the significance of serum bilirubin testing for liver function evaluation, including the importance of proper sample handling and the pathophysiology of elevated bilirubin levels. Discover key precautions to ensure accurate results. Direct...

Discover the causes, clinical features, and treatment strategies for hyponatraemia, including SIADH, cerebral salt wasting, and adrenal insufficiency. Hyponatraemia is a very common clinical problem that is defined as the low levels of sodium in the...

Ensure accurate PT and APTT results with proper blood sample collection, handling, storage, and transport. Learn step-by-step guidelines to prevent errors. Preserving blood samples for accurate PT and APTT results requires precise steps to prevent...

PT assesses coagulation factors in extrinsic pathway (F VII) and common pathway (F X, F V, prothrombin, and fibrinogen). PT assesses coagulation factors in extrinsic pathway (F VII) and common pathway (F X, F V, prothrombin, and fibrinogen). Principle...

Learn why serum albumin tests are performed, how samples are collected, important precautions, and the pathophysiology of albumin. Discover normal albumin values and conditions like hypoalbuminemia and hyperalbuminemia. Serum albumin is a protein...

Cyanmethemoglobin method for precise hemoglobin measurement. Includes procedure, formula, and reagents. Discover how to perform this standardized lab test. The cyanmethemoglobin method is the gold-standard laboratory technique for estimating hemoglobin...

APTT is a measure of coagulation factors in intrinsic pathway (F XII, F XI, high molecular weight kininogen, prekallikrein, F IX, and F VIII) and common pathway (F X, F V, prothrombin, and fibrinogen). APTT is a measure of coagulation factors in...

Learn about the D-dimer test, its purpose, and significance. Understand elevated D-dimer levels, normal ranges, and how this test helps in diagnosing conditions like thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The D-dimer (or D dimer) is a fibrin degradation...

Thrombin time assesses the final step of coagulation i.e. conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin. Principle Thrombin is added to patient’s plasma and time required for clot formation is noted. Equipment Water bath at 37°C Test tubes (75 × 12...

Learn about Packed Cell Volume (PCV), also known as hematocrit (HCT), its uses in detecting anemia and polycythemia, and methods for estimation. Discover why the micro method is preferred for its accuracy and efficiency. Packed cell volume (PCV), also...

is utilized, and the process is carried out using an aggregometer. When a platelet aggregating agent is introduced to the plasma, it prompts platelets to form aggregates, leading to a decrease in optical density or an increase in light transmission....

Learn about the simple and rapid method for estimating hemoglobin levels, commonly used in blood banks for selecting blood donors. Understand how this copper sulfate-based technique works and its potential limitations. To estimate the approximate value...

Discover the first visible Martian aurora ever captured—NASA’s Perseverance rover reveals stunning green glow. Find out why this changes Mars exploration forever! On certain nights, Mars’ skies shimmer with an eerie green light, casting a faint...

Despite recommendations, many people in the target age group are not getting screened for colorectal cancer. However, a new blood-based screening test may help boost those rates because of its simplicity and convenience for the patient. Despite...

Discover the common causes of ABO blood grouping errors, including false positive reactions in blood typing, and learn about effective quality control measures to ensure accurate results in laboratory settings. Autoagglutination, rouleaux formation,...

Step-by-step protocols for paraffin, frozen & soft tissues. Essential for cancer diagnosis and tissue analysis in histopathology. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining is the gold standard technique in histopathology. It uses two dyes: hematoxylin...