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Renal Biopsy: Indications, Contraindications, Complications and Procedure
of bleeding, manifesting as hematuria or the formation of perinephric hematoma. Severe bleeding may occasionally require blood transfusion and, in rare cases, necessitate kidney removal. Arteriovenous fistula formation Infection Unintentional biopsy of...
By Dayyal Dg. -
Acid Phosphatase (AP): Total and Prostatic Acid Phosphatase
various biological specimens. This enzyme is prevalent in multiple tissues and bodily fluids, including but not limited to blood, the prostate gland, bone, and liver. The test procedure involves incubating the sample with a specific substrate that the...
By Dayyal Dg. -
Total Thyroxine (T4)
plays a pivotal role in regulating metabolic processes and fostering growth throughout the body. The presence of T4 in the bloodstream can be categorized into two distinct forms: Total T4: This encompasses the entire quantity of thyroxine present in the...
By Dayyal Dg. -
Tests for Detection of Ketones in Urine
energy, the body shifts to burning fat and generates compounds known as ketones. These ketones find their way into both the bloodstream and urine. While it is normal to have a minimal quantity of ketones in the body, elevated levels can lead to severe...
By Dayyal Dg. -
Laboratory Tests to Evaluate Tubular Function
glucose, amino acids, and water. Glycosuria Renal glycosuria manifests as the excretion of glucose in urine despite normal blood glucose levels. This occurrence results from a specific tubular lesion impairing glucose reabsorption, rendering renal...
By Dayyal Dg. -
Disorders of Thyroid Gland: Hypothyroidism & Hyperthyroidism
decreased function of hypothalamus. Subclinical thyroid disease: A condition with abnormality of thyroid hormone levels in blood but without specific clinical manifestations of thyroid disease and without any history of thyroid dysfunction or therapy....
By Dayyal Dg. -
Semen Analysis: Microscopic Examination for Infertility Test
Coiled tail, and (14) Double tail Round Cells Upon microscopic examination, round cells may be identified as either white blood cells or immature sperm cells. To distinguish between the two, a special stain, such as peroxidase or Papanicolaou, is...
By Dayyal Dg. -
Darkfield Microscopy: Definition, Principle, Uses, and Diagram
range of applications in various fields of research. It is particularly useful in the study of biological samples, such as blood cells, bacteria, and parasites. Dark field microscopy has also been employed in the field of material science, allowing for...
By Dayyal Dg. -
Female Infertility: Causes and Investigations
oocyte, the zona pellucida, and the corona radiata. When the follicle in the ovary ruptures, it collapses and fills with a blood clot, forming the corpus luteum. Luteinizing hormone (LH) transforms granulosa cells in the follicle into lutein cells,...
By Dayyal Dg. -
Method of Gastric Analysis
duodenal ulcer, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Color: Normal gastric secretion is colorless, with a faintly pungent odor. Fresh blood (due to trauma, or recent bleeding from ulcer or cancer) is red in color. Old hemorrhage produces a brown, coffee-ground...
By Dayyal Dg. -
Pregnancy Tests: Clinical Applications and Tests for hCG
in Box 1. Human chorionic gonadotropin, a glycoprotein hormone originating from the placenta, circulates in maternal blood and is excreted intact through the kidneys. Comprising two polypeptide subunits—α (92 amino acids) and β (145 amino acids—hCG...
By Dayyal Dg. -
Semen Analysis for Investigation of Infertility
million/ml Total sperm count per ejaculate ≥40 million Morphology ≥30% sperms with normal morphology Vitality ≥75%live White blood cells
By Dayyal Dg. -
Semen Analysis: Immunologic Examination for Infertility Test
Indirect Sperm Antibody Test (ISAT): This test detects antibodies in the seminal plasma (the fluid part of semen). Serum (blood) is mixed with sperm, and if antibodies are present, they will attach to the sperm. The remaining solution is then tested for...
By Dayyal Dg. -
Test for Detection of Bile Salts in Urine
lipases, to effectively break down the fat. Subsequently, in the terminal ileum, bile salts are absorbed and enter the bloodstream. Once in the blood, they are taken up by the liver and subsequently re-excreted in bile, participating in the...
By Dayyal Dg. -
Proteinuria: Purpose, Test Procedure and Results
much protein in their urine. But if the kidneys aren't working well or if there are high levels of certain proteins in the bloodstream, protein might show up in the urine. Qualitative Estimation of Proteins Method 1: Heat and Acetic Acid Test (Boiling...
By Dayyal Dg. -
Glucose in Urine: Purpose, Procedure, and Results
physiological functioning. However, when the delicate balance is disrupted, as seen in diabetes, glucose levels in the blood can spill into the urine, signaling an underlying issue. The tests designed for the detection of glucose in urine play a pivotal...
By Dayyal Dg. -
Urinalysis: Physical Examination and Interpretation
filtration. Congestive Cardiac Failure:Reflecting compromised cardiac output. Dehydration: Resulting from diminished renal blood flow. Anuria: Definition: Scant urinary output, measuring less than 100 ml/24 hours, or a complete cessation of urine flow....
By Dayyal Dg. -
Albuterol: Classification, Uses, Dosages and Side Effects
muscles and, as a result, are the primary target of albuterol's effects. Upon administration, albuterol travels through the bloodstream, reaching the bronchus. The distinct peculiarity of albuterol’s chemical structure allows it to attach to these...
By Dayyal Dg. -
Unraveling the Neurological Factors Contributing to Left-sided Head Pains
of migraines, revealing yet another facet of the complex neurological factors entailed. The network of nerves and blood vessels within the brain and the greater trigeminal nerve region also play an essential role in head pain occurrence. The cluster...
By Dayyal Dg. -
Types of Breath Sounds and What They Mean
sounds. Oxygen Therapy: In some cases, supplemental oxygen therapy may be administered to improve oxygen levels in the blood and alleviate respiratory distress associated with crackles. Crackling sounds during respiration represent a distinctive...
By Dayyal Dg.
