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Fresh urine sample should be used because on standing urobilinogen is converted to urobilin, which cannot be detected by routine tests. A timed (2-hour postprandial) sample can also be used…
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Clinical Pathology
The parameters to be examined on physical examination of urine are listed below. Volume Color Appearance Odor Specific Gravity pH VOLUME Volume of only the 24-hr specimen of urine needs…
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Clinical Pathology
1. COPPER REDUCTION METHODS A. Benedict’s qualitative test: When urine is boiled in Benedict’s qualitative solution, blue alkaline copper sulphate is reduced to red-brown cuprous oxide if a reducing agent…
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Clinical Pathology
The proportion of ketone bodies in urine in ketosis is variable: β-hydroxybutyric acid 78%, acetoacetic acid 20%, and acetone 2%. No method for detection of ketonuria reacts with all the…
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Clinical Pathology
Bilirubin is converted to non-reactive biliverdin on exposure to light (daylight or fluorescent light) and on standing at room temperature. Biliverdin cannot be detected by tests that detect bilirubin. Therefore…
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Clinical Pathology
Bile salts are salts of four different types of bile acids: cholic, deoxycholic, chenodeoxycholic, and lithocholic. These bile acids combine with glycine or taurine to form complex salts or acids.…
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Clinical Pathology
Microscopic examination of urine is also called as the “liquid biopsy of the urinary tract”.
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Clinical Pathology
The chemical examination is carried out for substances in urine are listed below: Proteins Glucose Ketones Bilirubin Bile salts Urobilinogen Blood Hemoglobin Myoglobin Nitrite or leukocyte esterase PROTEINS Normally, kidneys…
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Clinical Pathology
1. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF URINARY SEDIMENT Definition of microscopic hematuria is presence of 3 or more number of red blood cells per high power field on microscopic examination of urinary…
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Clinical Pathology