Login to your BIOSCIENCE. account and enjoy increased access to BIOSCIENCE. content, ideas and unlock downloads. A selection of top articles hand-picked by our editors available only to registered users.
Educational and corporate subscriptions give institutions and students unlimited access to the BIOSCIENCE. Archive, an essential tool for health-science and biology education and research.
The chemical examination is carried out for substances in urine are listed below: Proteins Glucose Ketones Bilirubin Bile salts Urobilinogen Blood Hemoglobin Myoglobin Nitrite or leukocyte esterase PROTEINS Normally, kidneys excrete scant amount of protein in urine (up to 150 mg/24 hours). These proteins include proteins from plasma (albumin) and…
Bile salts are salts of four different types of bile acids: cholic, deoxycholic, chenodeoxycholic, and lithocholic. These bile acids combine with glycine or taurine to form complex salts or acids. Bile salts enter the small intestine through the bile and act as detergents to emulsify fat and reduce the surface…
Bilirubin is converted to non-reactive biliverdin on exposure to light (daylight or fluorescent light) and on standing at room temperature. Biliverdin cannot be detected by tests that detect bilirubin. Therefore fresh sample that is kept protected from light is required. Findings associated with bilirubinuria are listed below. Jaundice Urine color:…
The proportion of ketone bodies in urine in ketosis is variable: β-hydroxybutyric acid 78%, acetoacetic acid 20%, and acetone 2%. No method for detection of ketonuria reacts with all the three ketone bodies. Rothera’s nitroprusside method and methods based on it detect acetoacetic acid and acetone (the test is 10-20…
1. HEAT AND ACETIC ACID TEST (BOILING TEST) This test is based on the principle that proteins get precipitated when boiled in an acidic solution. Method Urine should be clear; if not, filter or use supernatant from a centrifuged sample. Urine should be just acidic (check…
1. COPPER REDUCTION METHODS A. Benedict’s qualitative test: When urine is boiled in Benedict’s qualitative solution, blue alkaline copper sulphate is reduced to red-brown cuprous oxide if a reducing agent is present (Figure 820.1). The extent of reduction depends on the concentration of the reducing substance. This test, however, is…
